Direct reduced iron (DRI) is one of the major input materials for the production of steel through electric furnace route. DRI is produced predominantly by gas based processes around the world in vertical shaft furnaces utilizing natural gas.
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Both processes are very energy intensive through the direct burning of fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, or indirectly through the use of electricity. Global steel production is heavily dependent upon the use of coal via the BFBOF process. In 2013, over 70% of total global steel production relied directly upon coal.
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Abstract. Production of direct reduced iron from indigenous raw materials is an attractive alternative to the use of scrap for electric steelmaking or for a DRbased integrated steel plant. The SL/RN process is a proven coalbased direct reduction technology, its versatility being characterised by flexibility in the use of raw materials (lump ...
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Natural gasbased DRIEAF (± tCO 2 /tSteel) reduces emissions by ±42% compared to BFBOF (± tCO 2 /tSteel) [11]. While that is a reduction in emissions compared to the worst performing process (coalbased steal making), driving the emissions down to zero will depend on the use of hydrogen produced only with renewable electricity.
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Converting lowcarbon biomass and wastes, like crop waste, food waste, and algae, into highvalue fuels and products can serve as a lowcarbon equivalent to fossilbased gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel. What could be more ideal for reducing carbon intensity? Renewable resources and wastes from plant matter can be converted to biooils.
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Depending on the source of reducing gas, DR processes can be described either as gasbased or coalbased (Lu, Pan and Zhu, 2015). In the gas based process, the reducing agent is a chemically reformed mixture of natural gas and offgas from the reducing reactor in the presence of a nickel based catalyst to produce a gas that is rich in hydrogen ...
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In India, steel produced through DRI is about 3 t CO 2 /t of steel, due to its large reliance on coal (82%) as an input into DRI production, with the remainder of DRI using natural gas (18%) [25, 33, 34]. Natural gasbased Midrex direct reduction process along with EAF has one of the lowest carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions of steel production ...
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In Fig. 1, we show the design of the hydrogen direct reduction (HDR) process on which the developed chemical process model presented later on in this chapter is based. Iron ore is preheated and fed into a reduction shaft, where it is converted to direct reduced iron (DRI) and further compacted to hot briquetted iron (HBI).
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The main raw materials for the production of DRI by the rotary kiln process are (i) sized graded iron ore or iron ore pellets, (ii) noncoking coal, and (iii) dolomite in small quantities to scavenge the sulphur. Iron ore of the right quality is the basic input for the coal based direct reduction process.
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Direct reduced iron (DRI) process. In addition to the process route via the blast furnace process, there is another option for extracting crude steel from iron ores using the socalled direct reduced iron (DRI) process (secondary route). The starting point for the efforts to find an alternative to the blast furnace process was the relatively ...
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coal based DR! industry. INTRODUCTION India is the largest producer of coal based sponge iron. Today many of the plants are operating with raw materials of inferior grade and the sponge iron produced by many plants are of inferior quality mainly with regard to gangue content and to some extent metallisation. Such coal based sponge iron is
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Direct reduced iron ( DRI ), also called sponge iron, [1] is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) into iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal. Many ores are suitable for direct reduction.
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To avoid locking in further coalbased steelmaking capacity for decades, some technology switching to DRIelectric arc furnace (EAF) processes will be required before then. Potential new DRgrade iron ore capacity by 2030 ranges from 40 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) to an optimistic high of 100Mtpa. Unless technology innovations allow use of ...
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DRI can be produced in powder, pellet, lump, or briquette form. The powder, pellets, and lumps retain the shape of the iron oxide material fed into the DR process. The removal of oxygen leaves voids, giving the DRI a spongy appearance when viewed through a microscope.
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This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron. Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes. Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coalbased DR process and (2) gasbased DR ...
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The DRI processes are categorized in two groups based on the use of reducing agent, natural gasbased direct reduction (DR) processes like MIDREX, HYL and Finmet, and coalbased DR processes like ...
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DRI is produced through the removal (reduction) of oxygen from iron ore in its solid state. This technology encompasses various processes based on different feedstocks, reactors, and reducing agents. DRI processes can reduce CO 2 emissions by using natural gas instead of coal due to the replacement of carbon reductant by hydrogen from the methane.
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From a technical perspective, the challenge of decarbonization involves two processes: chemical reduction for iron ore refining (process emission), commonly with metallurgical coal and coke, and from the high temperature heat sourced required to operate BF and other production reactors [ (Friedmann et al., 2019)].
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The consumption of DR pellets necessary for gasbased DRI production can be estimated to 117 Mt, when assuming an Fe content of % in the DR pellets and % in the DRI. Since little gasbased DRI production takes place in China, it can be stated that the BFpellet consumption outside China is 244 Mt or slightly more than twice the DR ...
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The work proposes a perspective on the direct reduction of iron (DRI) using hydrogen. Typically, iron is produced in blast furnaces (BFI) by the reduction of iron ore with carbonrich materials such as coal or coke. Greenhouse emissions may be drastically reduced by introducing DRI coal/oilbased, and further reduced by using methanebased DRI.
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Direct reduced iron (DRI) is the alternative iron source for steelmaking. Its advantages as a iron product and diluent for impurities, introduced with scrap, are well documented. DRI is also known as sponge iron. It refers to porous iron produced by the direct reduction (DR) process.
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The carbon footprint of H 2based DRI in France is comparably low due to a high share of nuclear energy in the national grid mix. The carbon footprint of NGbased DRI is kg CO 2 eq/kg DRI. In countries with moderatetohigh carbon intensity in electricity production, it is better to use natural gas directly in the DR plant than using hydrogen.
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gasbased fluidized bed processes (the Finmet / Finored process being the only commercial scale one in operation) accounting for % of 2019 DRI production; coal based rotary kiln furnaces (mainly in India) accounting for 24% of 2019 production. Generic illustrations of the types of process are shown in the graphics below.
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Direct reduction processes may be classified, according to the type of the reducing agent used, to gasbased and coalbased processes. In 2000, DRI produced from the gasbased processes accounted for 93%, while the coalbased processes produced 7%. Gasbased processes have shaft furnaces for reducing.
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Nearly million tons of DRI were produced in 2006 over the world, some 80% of which were produced by gasbased processes, the left by DOI: / 98 | Page "A study on the accretion formation in DRI kilns and possible ways for its reduction" coalbased processes. However, total DRI output continued ...
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