the process to dissolve the coal and to transfer externally produced hydrogen to the coal molecules. Catalytic liquefaction resembles solvent extraction, except that hydrogen is added to the coal with the aid of a catalyst. Figure presents the flow diagram of a typical solvent extraction or catalytic liquefaction plant. These coal ...
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The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
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The primary liquid emissions from coal conversion processes are heavily contaminated by ammonia, sulphides and other inorganics, as well as by phenolic and other organic compounds. The solid wastes are derived from coal ash, spent catalyst, and solid sludges. Previous chapter Next chapter 1. Introduction 62 2. Gasification 65
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A process for liquefying a particulate coal feed to produce useful petroleumlike liquid products by steps which include: (a) contacting, in a liquefaction zone, said coal feed with a hydrogen donor solvent at temperature and pressure sufficient to hydroconvert and liquefy the coal, (b) separating the product from the liquefaction zone by distillation into fractions inclusive of a liquid ...
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All direct coal liquefaction methods, such as HCoal, SolventRefined Coal, and Exxon Donor Solvent processes, are alike in one principal point: coal is thermally solubilized with certain solvents, usually coalderived, with or without catalysts. If heated in a proper liquid for a short time, most of the coal dissolves.
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Coal liquefaction residue (CLR) is usually categorized as hazardous waste, which is inevitably generated during the coalliquefaction process. Studies show that CLR has a high calorific value and can be used to decrease coal consumption during the cofiring process. In this regard, field tests were carried out to study the emission and ...
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The resulting liquid fuel, called synthetic crude oil, can be refined into a variety of fuels, including diesel, gasoline, and aviation fuel. The process of coal liquefaction involves heating and pressurizing coal in the presence of a solvent.
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Highlights •
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Liquefaction. Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen.
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Indirect liquefaction requires an intermediate gasification of the solid coal to form a synthesis gas, which is then converted to the liquid product. This process results in the complete dismantling of the coal structure. direct liquefaction, coal is exposed directly to hydrogen at high temperatures (450C) and high pressures (kPa ...
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1. Introduction. Direct coal liquefaction is the technology of catalytic converting coal to clean liquid fuel through hydrocracking the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal to small aliphatic molecules [1].It can effectively reduce the emission of industrial waste and toxic gases as well as improving the coal utilization, thereby, showing great potential for sustainable development of coal ...
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Direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) is, commonly, designed to be used as a feed stock for gasification or combustion. Use of DCLR as a value added product is very important for improving overall economy of direct coal liquefaction processes. This study shows that the DCLR may be used as a pavement asphalt modifier. The modification ability is similar to that of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA ...
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1Historical background 2Methods Toggle Methods subsection and carbonization processes
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It should be noted that ironbased catalysts are widely used in coal liquefaction, as they are cheap and have low volatility, and thus, ironbased catalysts always exist in liquefaction residues. It is necessary to study the effects of ironbased catalysts on coal gasification, especially the catalysts used in the coal liquefaction process.
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The DCL process produces considerably highvariety and efficient products at low temperatures compared to the indirect coal liquefaction process. Generally, Fig. 1 shows the distinct difference between the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Importantly, DCL consists of many steps for the conversion of coal to PA (preasphaltenes) and ...
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The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of highvolatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In 1931 Bergius was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of highpressure chemistry.
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Coalfired plants have a far more difficult and expensive task ... Jun 1, 2009 by POWER. Also In This Issue. June 1, 2009. ... (A to B) and the typical liquefaction process (A to C) as design ...
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Even though the process is currently not in use, it has contributed immensely to the development of catalytic coal liquefaction technology. The process involves the catalytic conversion of coal (slurried with heavy oil) in the presence of hydrogen and an iron oxide catalyst, at 450°C500°C and 200690 bars (197681 atm, or 2069 MPa).
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Liquefaction. Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid fuels or petrochemicals. There are several processes to accomplish this task. The two most common are the indirect route and the direct route [58, 59].
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It was reported that the four major operating coal liquefaction pilot plants in the US all experienced problems including severe equipment The commercial Shenhua plant will be a significant step in determining the viability of the direct liquefaction process route. Different from the two indirect routes, the
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Coal liquefaction technology is one of the most impactive technology to realize clean and efficient utilization of coal. In the process of indirect coal liquefaction to produce synthetic oil, a inevitable byproduct refer as indirect coal liquefaction residue (ICLR) that accounts for about 30 % of raw coal will be produced [3], [4].
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This COconversion process generates CO 2, which is captured before it is released via an adsorption process at a purity as high as 90%. The other route is the power and steam consumption for ICLs. The generation of power and steam via coal combustion leads to carbon emissions with CO 2 concentrations in the range of 10~20% in the exhaust gas.
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The direct coal liquefaction process usually produces a liquefaction residue of about 30% of its coal feed. The effective utilization of the coal liquefaction residue (CLR), which contains about 80% organic matter, is of great significance for improving the oil yield of the direct liquefaction process and reducing the amount of pollution emitted from this oilcontaining organic solid waste. In ...
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Investigation of the nonintegrated twostage coal liquefaction (NTSL) process was initiated at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction R and D Facility during May 1981 when the HOil hydrotreating unit came successfully online. The primary objective of this investigation is the development of a commercially feasible method of efficient ...
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reported a twostage liquefaction process with Tanito Harum coal (Indonesian subbituminous coal) under the hydrogen pressure of 15 MPa using 10 wt% Fe10 wt% Ni catalyst supported on carbon nanoparticles. Under the optimal conditions of the two stage liquefaction: 380 °C for 15 min in the first stage and 450 °C for 105 min in the second ...
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Direct coal liquefaction involves contacting coal directly with a catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressures with added hydrogen (H 2 ), in the presence of a solvent to form a raw liquid product which is further refined into product liquid fuels.
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4. Coal Liquefaction Coal liquefaction is the conversion of coal into a synthetic oil in order to supplement natural sources of petroleum. It is an attractive technology because 1) It is well developed and thus could be implemented fairly rapidly and 2) There are relatively large quantities of coal reserves. 5.
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In the process of liquefaction, its specific heat varies significantly over temperature, depending on the pressure and composition. Unconventional gas sources are often quite different in composition from conventional gas. For example, coalbed methane and shale gas are both poor gases with high methane content.
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Since the late 1970s, coal liquefaction processes have been developed into integrated twostage processes, in which coal is liquefied in the presence of hydrogen in the first stage and the products are upgraded in the second stage.
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Indirect coal liquefaction is the most widely used liquefaction technology. This process produces highvalue and cleanburning fuels. Synthetic fuel produced using this technology can be used in conventional engines without any modification and adds to improved combustion with lower emissions. The direct coal liquefaction process is also ...
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Petroleum gas production. For producing petroleum gas, the optimal advanced oil processing ratio is 20:5:17 (advanced oil processing : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 8:2:7 is close enough. Using coal liquefaction, the ratio is 60:39:55 (coal liquefaction : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 12:8:11 is close enough.
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Coal resources have been used to produce liquid transportation fuels by several process routes collectively referred to as coal liquefaction or, more generally stated, as coal to liquids (CTL). Early records of coal conversion to liquid fuel date to 1913 and an extraction process developed by Friedrich Bergius in Germany [ 7 ].
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Indirect liquefaction process coal is liquefied through the FischerTropsch (FTS) process. The FTS process uses synthesis gas from the gasification process and converts it into liquidous hydrocarbons and associating oxygenated compounds using different catalysts from Group VIII.
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4 Liquefaction. Coal liquefaction is the process of making a liquid fuel from coal. The fundamental difference between coal, a solid, and liquid fuels is that the liquid fuels have a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio. Liquid fuels have lower ash contents and are easier to upgrade (, to remove unwanted impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur). ...
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